After the outbreak of the First World War it became increasingly difficult to run the world business in the USA. In 1917, after the USA joined the WWI

Phillips AG in Frankfurt introduced the DUCARTIST reproduction system to the market in 1923. The DUCARTIST is the DUCA based on an 88 standard scale. Phillips has

A standard scale was used for the Triphonola reproduction system built from 1919 onwards, so that the standard 88 note rolls can also be played. For the reproduction, however, also

In 1908 Hugo Popper brought the reproduction instrument 'Stella' onto the market in Leipzig. It is technically very similar to the Welte-Mignon. However, the roll width and scale is different.

In 1913 there was the forerunner (Stoddard-Ampico), from 1920 the mature Ampico A and from 1929 the further development - the Ampico B. As the last development stage of all

Like the Aeolian Duo-Art, the Ampico reproduction system of the American Piano Company was - and still is - very successful in the home market USA and UK.

The Aeolian Company New York used a standard 88 scale - different from Welte, Hupfeld and Philipps- for the Duo-Art reproduction system marketed from 1913 onwards, supplemented by

Phillips AG in Frankfurt introduced the DUCA reproduction system to the market in 1908. How important the unique selling propositions in the scope of performance compared to the main competitor were even then

In addition to the very successful Phonola, Hupfeld AG in Leipzig launched the DEA (lat. "Goddess") reproduction system in 1907. With this system Hupfeld wanted to

Only in 1924 Welte introduced the T98 Welte green reproduction system. A music sliding block with 102 perforations (incl. music band guide) was used - the reproduction system can reproduce 88 notes

The T100 scale by M. Welte & Söhne (Freiburg) was the first reproduction system of its kind and caused a sensation in 1904/1905, which was similar to a wonder of the world.

The 88 standard or norm scale was established at a congress in Buffalo/USA in 1908. Gradually, starting in 1910, most manufacturers built the 88 scale.

The actual 72 scale was brought onto the market by Hupfeld in ~1902, in order to be able to play with a larger range and split windchest (separate dynamics of bass and treble) in the

The 65 scale was marketed by Aeolian as early as 1897 in America with the pianola as the prescaler and was also used before the Hupfeld Phonola